Relief Block with Coat of Arms of Cholula

early 16th century
On view at The Met Fifth Avenue in Gallery 360
Versión en español más abajo.

This basalt stone carved in low relief reproduces the heraldic emblems of the coat of arms that Cholula received on June 19, 1540. The original shield is unknown, but we know of its design from a couple of drawings and from the Metropolitan Museum of Art sculpture. Which, however, shows some changes when compared to those drawings. The stone sculpture was part of the collection of Luigi Petich, an Italian diplomat posted to several Latin American governments. Thereafter, it entered the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, in the early years of the 20th century. At some point, it was burned, although it still retains some of the stucco and pigments that once covered it. Because Mesoamerican symbols of identity predominate within the object, such as the original place glyph of Cholula, together with some European heraldic devices, some scholars have inferred that the Cholultecas intervened in its final design. At the bottom, it reads “Cholollan Tollan,” the name of the town, located in central Mexico written in Nahuatl, the language of the city’s inhabitants. The origin of the name Cholollan is uncertain; Tollan means “among the reeds.” Cholula, or ancient Tollan-Cholollan, was an ancient city of great prestige. Emblems and blazons were common within the towns of central Mexico; they were known as tlahuiztli, a term specifically denoting ancient military gear. Which explains why the local nobility quickly drew parallels between Mesoamerican armories and the European coats of arms, including their distinctive partitions. Consequently, these coats of arms were also designated by the term tlahuiztli. The stone is divided into four quarters, as if the stone block were a coat of arms. In the top left quadrant, the emblem glyph of Cholula is represented: the great pyramid with the cross that the Spanish placed on top – today, there is hardly any trace of it left. The small blocks on it surface indicate the pyramid was made of adobe. In fact, the Nahuatl name of the pyramid is Tlachihualtepetl, which translates as “Hill Made by Hand.” Today, and inside the pyramid, the remains of the adobe blocks can still be seen. On the right, we see a bell that could be the bell tower of the convent church of San Gabriel Arcángel de Cholula, built in 1528. However, it is possible that it is the bell that the Franciscans placed on the pyramid in 1535, in order to protect the cross from the lightning strikes that frequently hit the city. In the third quarter, the Cholula pyramid reappears, depicted as a hill with a trumpet. This representation of a Spanish instrument may allude to the prehistoric shells discovered beneath the cross installed by the conquerors. Both trumpets and snail shells served as wind instruments in their respective communities. Additionally, this imagery has been interpreted as a possible religious reference to the proclamation of the imminent return of Jesus Christ and the establishment of his kingdom on Earth. In the fourth quarter, the depiction captures the setting of the city's construction: the spring filled with cattails and reeds situated at the base of the pyramid, where the Aquiahuac irrigation canal flowed. Both the pyramid, Tlachihualtepec, and the marshy area with reeds evolved into the toponymic glyph representing the city, Tollan.

The dating of the relief is problematic. It has conventionally been attributed to the first half of the 16th century. However, recent scholarship has refined this timeframe, proposing a creation period between 1535 and 1540. This revised dating is anchored in the bell of the third quarter, installed atop the pyramid in 1535. Notably, this assumes that the bell belongs to the pyramid, rather than the church of the San Gabriel Arcángel convent in Cholula. However, the incorporation of indigenous cultural elements in the heraldic stone carvings suggests a subsequent carving date in the 1560s. It is during this period, the indigenous elite exhibited increased familiarity with European heraldry, influencing the design of their heraldic shields. Similar instances can be observed in the coats of arms of Coyoacán, Tlacopan (now Tacuba), Texcoco, as well as those of the nobles of Tlaxcala and Tacuba. The Cholula stone carvers intentionally and significantly modified the shield granted by Carlos V, substituting the lion with a saber with a bell, likely chosen for its familiarity with the local population. A parallel alteration occurred with the depiction of the trumpet, originally surrounded by stars in the drawing but placed within the pyramid on the stone, imbuing it with a novel significance. The likely source of inspiration for this shield appears to be a painting accompanying the Relación Geográfica de Cholula (Geographical Relation of Cholula) , produced in 1581. In this document, the Cholula pyramid is portrayed as a handcrafted hill, constructed with adobe bricks and crowned by a trumpet and at its base a spring with growing tules (reeds).

Dr. María Castañeda de la Paz

References

Castañeda de la Paz, María and Miguel Luque Talaván. “Para que de ellos e de vos quede memoria”. La heráldica indígena novohispana del centro de México, pp. 178-184. Mexico: UNAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Universidad Anáhuac, 2021.

Doesburg, Sebastián and Manuel Hermann Lejarazu. “Escudos de armas con iconografía mesoamericana en la Mixteca,” in Los escudos de armas indígenas. De la Colonia al México Independiente, edited by María Castañeda de la Paz y Hans Roskamp, pp. 109-136. Mexico: El Colegio de Michoacán / Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 2013.

Monroy, Salazar. Heráldica civil y religiosa del estado de Puebla. Mexico: Imprenta Teresiana, 1942.

Plunket, Patricia and Gabriela Uruñuela Ladrón de Guevara. “¿La primera lápida heráldica de Tollan Cholollan Tlachihualtépetl? Arqueología Mexicana vol 23, No 137(2016):16-19.

Plunket, Patricia and Gabriela Uruñuela Ladrón de Guevara. Cholula. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Económica, El Colegio de Michoacán, 2018.


Piedra de basalto labrada en bajo relieve que reproduce los emblemas heráldicos del escudo de armas que Cholula recibió el 19 de junio de 1540. El original del escudo no se conoce y sólo sabemos de su diseño a través de un par de dibujos y por la piedra del Metropolitan Museum of Art, la cual presenta algunos cambios con respecto al dibujo. La piedra formó parte de la colección del italiano Luigi Petich, ministro de Italia ante algunos gobiernos latinoamericanos, la cual ingresó al Metropolitan Museum of Art de Nueva York, en los primeros años del siglo XX. Se puede advertir que en algún momento se quemó, aunque aún conserva parte del estuco que la recubría, así como restos de algunos pigmentos. En ella predominan los símbolos de identidad mesoamericanos, como el topónimo de Cholula, en combinación con algún mueble heráldico europeo, motivo por el que se infiere que fueron los cholultecas los que intervinieron en su diseño. En la parte inferior de la misma se lee “Cholollan Tollan”, nombre de esta localidad ubicada en el centro de México escrito en náhuatl, la lengua de sus habitantes. El origen del nombre Cholollan es incierto; Tollan significa “entre los tules”. Cholula, o la antigua Tollan-Cholollan, fue una ciudad milenaria de gran prestigio. Los emblemas y las divisas no eran algo ajeno a los pueblos del centro de México. Se conocían con el nombre de tlahuiztli y con él se referían al antiguo aparejo militar. Es por lo que, muy pronto, los nobles equipararon las armerías mesoamericanas con los escudos de armas traídos de Europa, con sus correspondientes particiones, a los que también dieron el nombre de tlahuiztli. Por los anterior, y como si de un escudo de armas se tratara, los cholultecas dividieron la piedra en cuatro cuarteles. En el primero se representó el glifo emblema de Cholula: su gran pirámide con la cruz que los españoles dispusieron en su parte superior y de la que actualmente apenas queda rastro. Los pequeños bloques en su superficie indican que estaba hecha de adobes. De hecho, el nombre en náhuatl de la pirámide es Tlachihualtepetl, que se traduce como “Cerro hecho a mano”. Actualmente, y en el interior de la pirámide, aún se pueden apreciar los restos de los bloques de adobe. En el segundo cuartel se divisa una campana que pudiera ser la del campanario de la iglesia del convento de San Gabriel Arcángel de Cholula, construida en 1528. No obstante, también es posible que se trate de la campana que los franciscanos colocaron sobre la pirámide, en 1535, para proteger a la cruz que estaba en su cima de los frecuentes rayos que caen en la ciudad. En el tercer cuartel se aprecia nuevamente la pirámide de Cholula, pero ahora como un cerro con una trompeta en su interior. Este instrumento español parece ser una alusión a los caracoles prehispánicos que se encontraron bajo la cruz que los conquistadores dispusieron sobre la gran pirámide, en tanto que ambos son instrumentos de viento. También se ha interpretado como una posible referencia al anuncio del regreso de Jesucristo y al establecimiento de su reino en la Tierra. El cuarto cuartel representa el entorno donde se construyó la ciudad: el manantial con tules y cañas que estaba a los pies de la pirámide, donde desembocaba la acequia de Aquiahuac. Ambos, la pirámide (el Tlachihualtepec) y el tular se convirtieron en el glifo toponímico de la ciudad (Tollan).

El fechamiento de la piedra es problemático. Siempre se ha creído que era de la primera mitad del siglo XVI, aunque más recientemente se ha precisado que se pudo elaborar entre 1535 y 1540 con base en la campana del tercer cuartel, la cual se subió a la pirámide en 1535. Lo anterior, si la campana es la de la pirámide y no la de la iglesia del convento de San Gabriel Arcángel de Cholula. Ahora bien, el hecho de que muchos de los muebles heráldicos labrados en la piedra sean afines a la cultura indígena también ha permitido sugerir que ésta se tallara a partir de la década de los 60 del siglo XVI, cuando la élite indígena estaba mucho más familiarizada con la heráldica europea y comenzó a intervenir en los diseños de sus escudos heráldicos. Es lo que se advierte en los blasones de Coyoacán, Tlacopan (hoy Tacuba) o Texcoco y en el de los nobles de Tlaxcala y Tacuba. Es un hecho que quienes labraron la piedra de Cholula hicieron, de manera consciente, importantes modificaciones al escudo que Carlos V concedió. Borraron el león con sable que había dibujado para sustituirlo por una campana que seguramente a la gente le resultaba más familiar. Y lo mismo sucedió con la trompeta: si en el dibujo aparecía rodeada de estrellas, en la piedra la colocaron al interior de la pirámide, dándole un nuevo significado. La fuente de inspiración de este escudo parece ser la pintura que acompaña a la Relación Geográfica de Cholula, elaborada, precisamente, en 1581. Es en ese documento donde vemos que la pirámide de Cholula se pintó como un cerro hecho a mano, con sus ladrillos de adobe, con una trompeta en su cima, a los pies de un manantial con tules.

Dra. María Castañeda de la Paz

Referencias

Castañeda de la Paz, María y Miguel Luque Talaván. “Para que de ellos e de vos quede memoria”. La heráldica indígena novohispana del centro de México, pp. 178-184. México: UNAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Universidad Anáhuac, 2021.

Doesburg, Sebastián y Manuel Hermann Lejarazu. “Escudos de armas con iconografía mesoamericana en la Mixteca,” en Los escudos de armas indígenas. De la Colonia al México Independiente, edited by María Castañeda de la Paz y Hans Roskamp, pp. 109-136. México: El Colegio de Michoacán / Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 2013.

Monroy, Salazar. Heráldica civil y religiosa del estado de Puebla. México: Imprenta Teresiana, 1942.

Plunket, Patricia y Gabriela Uruñuela Ladrón de Guevara. “¿La primera lápida heráldica de Tollan Cholollan Tlachihualtépetl? Arqueología Mexicana Vol 23, No 137(2016):16-19.

Plunket, Patricia y Gabriela Uruñuela Ladrón de Guevara. 2018 Cholula. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, El Colegio de Michoacán, 2018.

Artwork Details

Object Information
  • Title: Relief Block with Coat of Arms of Cholula
  • Date: early 16th century
  • Geography: Mexico
  • Culture: Mexican
  • Medium: Stone, traces of stucco
  • Dimensions: H. 18 × W. 26 × D. 7 in. (45.7 × 66 × 17.8 cm)
  • Classification: Stone-Sculpture
  • Credit Line: Museum Purchase, 1900
  • Object Number: 00.5.116
  • Curatorial Department: The Michael C. Rockefeller Wing

Audio

Cover Image for 1640. Relief with the Cholula coat of arms, Mexican artist(s)

1640. Relief with the Cholula coat of arms, Mexican artist(s)

Diana Magaloni

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DIANA MAGALONI: You could see this as a resilient monument incorporating Christianity to a long history, instead of Christianity imposing and erasing history.

JOSÉ MARÍA YAZPIK (NARRATOR): Prior to the conquest, the highland city of Chollolan was a great Mexica cultural center, second only to the empire’s capital. In 1519, Spanish colonizers invaded Cholollan, murdering the city leaders and thousands of inhabitants before burning the city.

In the late 16th century, travelers entering Cholula - the name given Cholollan during Spanish rule - would have encountered this carved block, featuring both Mesoamerican pictograms and Spanish writing.

Diana Magaloni, curator at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, shares her interpretation of the iconography, starting in the block’s lower right quadrant.

DIANA MAGALONI: Tollan is the ancient way of referring to a place of great civilization. It's an image based on the history of Mesoamerica, where the earth floated in the primeval waters, and these waters were fertile. So you have all these "reeds" that grow and both represent many people as many reeds, and the fertile land that sustains them.

JOSÉ MARÍA YAZPIK: The symbols of fertility, of a great emergent culture, link Cholollan, depicted on the lower left, with the first earth, a paradise created by the gods.

The S- shape depicted on the mountain likely represents Quetzalcoatl, the feathered serpent deity associated with the city of Cholollan.

DIANA MAGALONI: It's in the shape of a mountain that replicates the first mountain of creation filled with water, with abundant possibilities.

JOSÉ MARÍA YAZPIK: At top left, we see the city’s great pyramid – which, by colonial times, was overgrown and covered with earth.

DIANA MAGALONI: So the town becomes that pyramid that replicates the shape of the mountain. So, it's a man-made mountain. So you are evolving from Tollan to Cholula Tlachihualtepetl to Cholula the city. But everything is unfolding the same divine nature of the city.

JOSÉ MARÍA YAZPIK: In the panel at top right, a church bell hangs from an abstracted beam, symbolizing the colonial religious influence, and representing the actual church the Spanish built on top of the overgrown pyramid.

DIANA MAGALONI: It tells you that the city of Cholula is a Catholic city. And the church is incorporated into the history of Cholula from the time of creation to the moment that church was built.

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